A. Creating mental linkages
Grouping, Associating/elaborating, Contextualizing words
B. Applying images and sounds
Imagery, Semantic Mapping, Keywords, Sounds in Memory
C. Reviewing well
Reviewing after increasingly longer intervals of time
D. Employing action
Physical response or sensation, mechanical techniques
II. Cognitive
A. Practicing
Repeating, Formally, Formulaics, Recombining, Naturalistically
B. Receiving and sending messages
Getting the idea quickly, Using resources
C. Analyzing and reasoning
Deductive, Expression analyzing, Contrastively across
languages, Translating, Transferring
D. Creating structure for input and output
Taking notes, Summarizing, Highlighting
III. Compensation strategies
A. Guessing intelligently
Using linguistic and other clues
B. Overcoming limitations in speaking and writing
Mother tongue, Help!, Gesture, Avoidance, Topic
Selection, Approximating, Coining words, Circumlocution
INDIRECT STRATEGIES
I. Metacognitive Strategies
A. Centering your learning
Overviewing and linking, Paying attention, Just listening
B. Arranging and planning your learning
Meta-linguistics, Organizing, Setting goals, Identifying
purposes, Planning for a task, Seeking times to practice
C. Evaluating your learning
Self-monitoring, Self-evaluating
II. Affective Strategies
A. Lowering your anxiety
Relaxation/meditation, Music, Laughter
B. Encouraging yourself
Positive statements, Wise risk-taking, Rewarding yourself
C. Taking your emotional temperature
Body awareness, Emotion checklist, Diary, Sharing feelings
III. Social Strategies
A. Asking questions
Clarification/verification, Correction
B. Cooperating with others
Peer support, Interaction with native speakers
C. Empathizing with others
Developing cultural understanding, Becoming aware of
others’ thoughts and feelings
Oxford, R. L. (1990). Language learning strategies: What every teacher should know. Boston: Heinle & Heinle.
